Shakespeare’s Othello is a Tragedy Essay -- Othel Literature Shakespea

Shakespeare’s Othello is a Tragedy A tragedy has many definitions, but the Merriam-Webster version defines it as: â€Å"a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force (as destiny) and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror.† The latter part, about disastrous conclusion is true for Shakespeare’s tragedies, and Othello is no exception. Roderigo blindly follows Iago’s lead and while his contribution to the disaster is minimal at best, he still is able to feed Iago’s desire for revenge, as all the characters do. The only difference between Roderigo and the other characters is how he does it. Roderigo is madly in love with Desdemona and wants her for himself. The first sign of Roderigo’s desires comes from Barbantio when he speaks: â€Å"I have charged thee not to haunt my doors:/In honest plainness thou hast heard me say/My daughter is not for thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (I, i) Iago seduces Roderigo’s compliance in the disaster by dripping sweetened words of his attempts to sway Desdemona away from Othello. Roderigo, in his naà ¯ve and loving mind, give Iago the financial means to further his plot of disaster. Iago tells Roderigo that the money and jewels he spends go to Desdemona, but there is little evidence of this. And it seems unlikely that Iago needed large sums of money to exact his revenge on the Moor. He does it with words and a handkerchief, not rubies and emeralds. But Roderigo’s lust for Desdemona leads to his attempt to kill Cassio. After Iago has convinced Cassio to plea to Desdemona for his rank back, Iago is then able to convince Roderigo that the way to take Desdemona is to kill Cassio (IV, ii) because, according to Iago, Cassio and Desdemona are now sleeping together. It is ultimately his attempts to defile and kill Cassio that contribute the most to the tragedy. He causes Cassio to lose his rank (II, iii) and then attempts to kill him. The question Roderigo should’ve been asking himself is this: â€Å"If Desdemona is such a lovely, innocent creature, why does she jump from bed to bed? What makes me think that she’d stay in mine?† Emilia’s role in the tragedy seems very small at first. Iago mentions suspicions of unfaithfulness very early on (I, iii) but it is not these suspicions that Emilia contributes to her death and the death of others. Rather, it is the very simple action of... ... not a factor. So what drives Iago to commit all these acts? Jealousy is a major portion, but perhaps Iago views this all as a game as well. He prides himself on his wit and cunning and is appreciated for it by his peers. Perhaps it is ego that drives Iago to do all of this, a test of his skills to see if he can keep so many threads playing together and for his benefit. Almost all of his actions, plantings seeds of doubt (III, iii) or giving dangerous instructions (II, iii) lead to the tragic ending of the play. Even at the end, Iago refuses to explain his motives, by simply saying, â€Å"What you know, you know.† (V, ii). Perhaps this was Shakespeare’s way of saying not to look for a reason, but rather to appreciate what an amazing amount of cunning and patience this would’ve taken to pull off. In the end, Iago’s last words perhaps best suit the play. â€Å"What you know, you know.† Everything is presented for the entire world to see, with little hidden meanings to things and actions. Roderigo’s lust, Emilia’s fear and loyalty, Desdemona’s purity, Othello’s trust and insecurities, and Iago’s jealousy and ego contribute to the â€Å"disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror.

Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation

OUTLINE AND ASSESS MARX’S CONCEPT OF ALIENATION When considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately thinks of trying to understand the world in which we live. However, for Karl Marx we should not only understand the world, but also seek to actively change it (Macintosh, 1997). The concept of alienation differs in terms of its sociological meaning in relation to that of the psychological definition and has been used to describe many other phenomena’s over the last four centuries.The aim of this essay is to assess the concept of alienation according to Karl Marx and explore his theory relating to four differing perspectives assigned to this, whilst also researching its historical roots and any relevance in today’s society. The concept of alienation in relation to sociology was developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher, political economist, revolutionary and the founding father of Communism. His ideas for this theory originat ed in the writings of Feuerbach, who along with George W.F Hegel, were major influences on Marx. However, unlike Feuerbach, who believed that religion had a negative impact on human experience and that man was alienated from god, Marx considered man to be alienated from man in a social context. Indeed, Marx criticised Feuerbach’s work entitled ‘The Essence of Christianity’, which was published in 1841 for not developing the concept of alienation further by linking it to economic production strategies.In it, Feuerbach insists that visions of god being similar to their own image allow for them to alienate themselves from this fictionally created character. Therefore, issues regarding low self esteem and other social or personal problems can be diluted by visiting places of worship. He insists that guidance, leadership and solace can be found within the church. Indeed, Feuerbach argued that the church was used by the government as state apparatus to control society (Hughes et al, 1995 pp. 29-30).Marx took these points onboard and rather than relate them to religion, embraced it to include the notion that alienation was an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism, thus leading to alienated labour. For Hegel, human thoughts were continuously developing and advancing throughout history, thus providing a more knowledge and rational understanding of society (Hughes et al, 1995, pp. 25-26). Unlike, Marx, who states materialism and economic power, shapes our thinking, Hegel insists it is the other way round and that mind shapes matter.In other words, our knowledge shapes the need and inventiveness needed to shape future materials. Historically, according to Hegel, by exploring previous economic processes, then the material base on which societies, institutions and ideas are built are in evidence due to rational logic and natural progression. Marx however, disagrees with this theory. He believes that such ab stract ideas did not exist and therefore provided limited explanations relating to the social world. The true nature of human experience therefore and life were totally under emphasised.His theory of historical materialism was constructed further in future writings. ‘The first historical act is . . . the production of material life itself. This is indeed a historical act, a fundamental condition of all of history’ (Marx & Engels, 1976). His many writings, which spanned four decades, underpin what has become known as Marxist theory and are used to develop our understanding of many areas relating to social life (Abercrombie et al, 2000). However, Marxist theory is primarily based around the class conflict of the bourgeoisie, i. . ruling class who own the mode of production and the exploitation of the proletariat, i. e. working class who are forced into selling their labour. The 3 stages relating to the industrial revolution have led to his alienation theory being supporte d by many sociologists. First came the agricultural revolution (1700-1800), followed by the industrial revolution (1800-1950). The final stage of these phenomena was the service revolution from the 1950s to the present day. Economic and surplus values are at the heart of Marxist theory.For Marx, alienation is an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism and results in alienated labour. The main use of Marx’s theory relating to this concept is in relation to the form of labour in any given capitalist society. However, he also talks of ‘alienation’ in the sphere of social and economic relations (Turner, 1999) Marx argues that humans are denied their basic natural essence, and as such was only realised in their labour. This allowed for a creative activity which was carried out in unison with others.Marx was of the opinion that people transformed a world outside themselves. Now the processes relating to production were one o f ‘objectification’. By this he means that man now produces material objects that embody human creativity, yet leaves them feeling detached and separated from the creator. Once the product is objectified, man no longer recognises himself in the product and autonomous manufacturing techniques leave him feeling alienated. Within capitalist societies Marx identified four levels of separation resulting in the concept of alienation. 1) Within a capitalist society the worker has no control over the fate of their production, therefore alienating them from the results of their labour. Although having been involved actively in the production of such commodities the worker is left feeling subdued, unattached and emotionally removed from the end product. This is now controlled by others, and as increased production multiplies, so does the division and separation of the labour process. (2) The worker is alienated from the act of production. For Marx, no individual satisfaction is a chieved as the worker’s own creativity is alienated from production.Furthermore, external constraints forced upon the worker removes any attachment from the’ fruits of their labour’ and in doing so, the product ceases to be an end in itself with work becoming merely a commodity. To the worker, the saleability of the product is their only concern. (3) The worker is alienated from their ‘specific being’ or human nature. Marx states that the individual’s human qualities are deprived. This is due to the first two levels of alienation, as outlined above, reducing the workers creative production activities and thus removing themselves from their natural self being and converting them into social animals. 4) The worker is separated from other humans. The emergence of capitalism has transformed human social relations into market relations. According to Marx, people are now judged, not be their human qualities and attributes but rather by their positi on within the market (Giddens, 1970). For example the separation of labour is also the separation of man from man in relation to class conflict and competition and also lends theory to their alienation of the products of their labour.Capital itself can also be seen as a source of alienation because its accumulation generates its own needs which reduce people to the level of commodities (Haralambos, 1998). The above four levels of separation and alienation of man is intrinsically linked and can be used to identify phenomena in regards to any society. Many pro-capitalist economists agree with Marx’s theory that all humans are treated as commodities that can be rented and that everything can be traded for monies. For Marx, this ensures that the gap between rich and poor widens, with both lasses pushing in opposite direction. However, he attacks other economists’ interpretations of the causes of capitalism and believes that they do not distinguish between both capitalists and the workers. Marx argues that competition is seen as an enforcement mechanism of the capitalist’s mode of production (Reiss, 1997). According to Marx, as all aspects of feudalism are connected, then so too are all aspects relating to capitalism. He is quoted as saying, ’’the worker becomes the poorer the more wealth he produces’’ (Marx, 1976).In other words, as the worker increases production, this only enriches their bosses whilst they still remain poor. Capitalist economists however, view each aspect of feudalism as an accidental corruption in relation to capitalism. Marx also explores the historical development of alienation and its intrinsic link to the division of labour. As society changes and tribes and villages continue to expand, so too does the division of labour (Rius, 1996). For society to survive trade and exchange must occur.This leads to more growth in exchangeable goods which in turn leads to an upsurge in use-value and exchange -value commodities. When considering use-value, this relates to how in demand a commodity may be of use to the individual. However, exchange-value relates to what commodities can be traded for other objects. For Marx, commodity fetishism has attributed to the alienation of man from the fruits of their labour (cowling, 1989). There are many examples of alienation in today’s society. The term Fordism originates from Henry Ford and the techniques he initiated to instil mass production.Indeed, his ideas and practices are still dominant in today’s society and are at the forefront of all technological mass production facilities and businesses. To enable production on such a large scale, Ford redesigned the whole manufacturing capabilities of his workforce. Unlike industrialists of the nineteenth century where skilled labour and handmade crafts were a necessity in the making of goods, Ford recognised an ability to mass produce by giving individuals a particular task in relati on to their labour duties.This would be made possible by re-designing all machines to carry out one specific purpose, rather than numerous functions (Watson, 2003). As such, there was now no need for skilled persons in which to operate machines. Individuals were now taught how to use particular machines which they would now carry out monotonously for the rest of their employment. This de-skilling technique ensured minimum waste and maximum output as the machine only had one way in which to operate. Ford realised that once you standardise the design of the car, you can standardise the whole production system.Thus, with the standardisation of machinery producing standardised parts, it now allowed for mass reproduction as all parts are identical therefore interchangeable. Although production of Fords automobiles had increased rapidly, the initiation of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s (1856-1915) scientific management system would ensure mass production on an even larger scale. Taylor was the man who introduced ‘time and motion’ studies to the workplace. He carried out an experiment on a pig iron gang at work. By observing their working habits, Taylor was able to redesign their work pattern.Like Ford, his task was to break a job down into standardised parts. He initially listed a set of rules to which the workers must comply to and then instructed them when to start, walk, lift and stop. Once the experiment was complete Taylor found that their productive output had increased by 400%. Taylor’s results would now allow for managers to command instructions to staff who would carry out tasks they specifically assigned to. This would undoubtedly lead to a separation of labour and also man’s alienation from man, as people who had previously worked side by side where now given specific tasks (Hughes et al, 1995).Ford would eventually instil Taylor’s scientific management technique into his workplace to generate even more productivity. T o do this Ford introduced the assembly line. Before this point, many of his employees worked unsupervised and at their own pace. However, with the emergence of assembly lines, workers now had to work in unison with the speed of the production line, and not that of the individual. This technique has greatly enhanced fords production levels and as such, Fords’ automobile plant in River Rouge USA, is now the largest in the world.By the 1990s over 10,000 people were employed there and over 90,000 cars and trucks were being produced each year (Watson, 2003). . Other examples which support Marx’s theory on alienation include multi-national companies such as McDonalds and Burger King, who epitomise our need for fast food productivity and back up his argument of commodity fetishism. Regardless of which outlet of McDonalds visited, the consumer will receive identical foodstuff and levels of service due to the standardisation of the product (Huczynski, 1991). Also, such companie s are immediately recognisable due their uniforms and company logo.Mass reproduction is applied to give the consumer a standardised food source which consists of various items such as burger, bun, relish and tomato. A time scale is also in place and many of the products on offer are controlled by a timer which goes off when certain items such as French fries and burgers are deemed ready. The main objective is to get the product to the consumer as quickly as possible with the minimum fuss. This is made possible by the way each McDonalds’ outlet is designed. By using both Fordism and Taylorist techniques workers can produce vast amounts of food that can then be passed onto the consumer within seconds.Marx’s concept of alienation is evident here as there is no need for skilled workers such as cooks and chefs to be employed due to the nature and resulting end product of such businesses (Huczynski, 1991). A critique of Marxist theory would be to suggest that if alienation i s produced and enacted by humans, then surely they also have the ability to change and reverse it. It is also contradictory as individuals opinions of alienation differ in relation to each person’s objective situation and consciousness.Although it cannot be denied that workers within capitalist societies do contribute to the common wealth as stated by Marx, the emergence of flexi-time, paid holidays and overtime empowers the worker and enables them to generate extra sums of money for themselves (Watson, 2003). Also, working for someone else may perhaps lessen the burden experienced by others, such as those who own small businesses. It is easy to engage Marx’s suggestion that workers lack rights, and there is much evidence to support this with the emergence of sweatshops and low paid immigrant workers (Rattansi, 1982).However, trade unions play a significant part in readdressing these issues by way of fair representation. Many jobs available to the masses today, do in f act, alienate workers and help establish capitalist theories, but humans have the freedom to change jobs or start their own businesses and trade unions are also in place to protect and represent employees (Giddens, 1971) His ideologies can also be construed as outdated as most of his concepts and terminologies are from over 100 years ago.Man may have been separated by man in relation to labour over centuries, but although this may be true in some aspects, technology and working conditions have rapidly improved over the same period. We also have the ability to influence each other rather than work in isolation. It appears that his concepts of alienation, although significant in his earlier political works and in lending credibility to research at that particular time, are rarely given a second thought in his later writings.For this reason it could be argued that Marx no longer held the opinion that the alienation of man and the collapse of capitalism was a foregone conclusion. BIBLIO GRAPHY Abercrombie, N. Hill, S and Turner, B. (2000) Dictionary of Sociology Penguin Book Cowling, M & Wilde, L. (1989) Approaches to Marx, Open University Press Giddens, A. (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, C. U. P. Giddens, A. (1970) Marx, Weber and the development of capitalism Haralambos, M. (1986) Sociology – a new approach, Causeway Press LtdHuczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (1991) Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall Hughes, J. A. , Martin, P. J. , & Sharrock, W. W. (1995) Understanding Classical Sociology, London: Sage Macintosh, I. (1997) Classical Sociological Theory. Edinburgh University Press Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1976 [1845-46]) the German Ideology, Part 1 London: Lawrence & Wishart. Rius, E. (1996) Introducing Marx, Icon Books Turner B, (1999). Classical sociology. 1st ed. Uk: Sage. Watson, Tony J. (2003) Sociology, Work and Industry Routledge

Crime And Victimization

She tastes that all individuals in a community have the potential of turning to crime in cases where destructive social relationships are upheld. The theory emphasizes that the socio-psychology interaction with various institutions is a renowned contributing factor to crime. It is evident that offenders turn to crime because of peer pressure and other legal involvements that tend to advocate for the criminal behaviors. This emphasizes on the point that any individual can be a criminal. Currently, there are diverse cases that describe of incidents where the youths have indulged in violence and crime and the effect it has on their families.A research conducted on the issues states that there is a connection of the childhood involvements that the individuals have and their behaviors. In most cases children exposed to domestic violence have been described as the most vulnerable to the situation and they portray poor social interactions and uncouth behaviors (Curran and Reinvent, 2001). I t is evident that if individual's criminal aspects are encouraged from their close relatives, they rarely make the right decisions and this usually results to crime.In this case, children are supposed to be taught on how to behave and the issues that are acceptable in the community since they learn most from what they see. The theory emphasizes that no individual is born with the attributes of a criminal, instead they are influenced to commit crime by the people they grow looking up to (Dressier, 2002). 2. Discuss one (1 ) real-life scenario involving criminal activity, identifying the federal, state, and / or local agency (sees) with jurisdiction. Explain why the agency (sees) that took the case was the appropriate one for the particular circumstances.Late last year, Claire Davis, a 1 7-year old student was shot and killed by Karl Pierson at Arapaho High School in Colorado. Karl was said to have been on a revenge mission against a librarian who he did not find and decided to turn h is anger towards his schoolmates (Arapaho High School shooting victim dies CNN. Com). He fired randomly in the hallways with his pump action shot gun which he later used to kill himself. The state police were the first to arrive and were fully in charge of the investigations from the beginning.This case was zestfully handled by the state police since violent and gun crimes fall under their jurisdiction. 3. Describe a recent incidence of crime that occurred within your community. Suggest how implementing at least one (1 ) of the changes that SST. Evans had discussed and another change of your recommendation would have changed the circumstances of the crime that you selected. Recently in my neighborhood, an elderly woman was ambushed by three young men and robbed of cash and personal belongings at knife point. She had come from doing her grocery shopping at the local store which is open till ate.She was attacked as she was walking to her car in the dimly lit car park which is in a sec luded place away from other businesses. This is one of the incidents that have been reported to have occurred around the area and many individuals have turned out to avoid the local stores. However, the local store is usually opened till late hours and it is convenient for many shoppers since the surrounding stores usually close earlier. This has contributed to the place being an easy attack spot for the thugs who are usually heavily harmed.The region is secluded making it hard for shoppers to get help even after raising alarm. There are minimal occupants around the homes surrounding the local store and the street lights along the store have been broken. The local store car park is also dimly lit and this has made it easier for the thugs to target and attack the shoppers. According to SST. Evans, he recommends that individuals should avoid going to the shopping center alone. This will minimize the chances of the shoppers being attacked by the thugs. It is important that individuals consider their safety and visit the stores early. Crime And Victimization These individuals take the time to think out a plan for the rime from start to finish and consider only an easy self-centered profit motive. There is no regard or consideration for victims or their respective feelings. (Siegel/ World, 2013). The most serious crime that can result from this thought process is capital murder. Consider the recent real-life crime scenario involving the death of William Rounder, â€Å"Bill† Deviate, 55, and the visualization of his wife outside Marvin United Methodist Church, Columbia County, Georgia.Daniel Nelson Robinson, a Florida man committed these heinous crimes for the purpose of obtaining monetary gains in the form of cash. Additionally he appeared in need of a vehicle to leave the area to travel to his home area of Jacksonville, Florida. The grand jury charged Robinson age 21, with felony murder, armed robbery, motor vehicle theft, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. The District Attorney of Columbia County, Georgia, Ashley Wright is seeking the death penalty for Daniel Nelson Robinson.Robinsons felony criminal behavior reflects Rational Choice Theory because Robinson was seeking expediency in his criminal behavior to obtain easy cash and immediate escape in Davit's SUB toward Jacksonville, Florida, ( Rowel, 2014). Many Criminologists would argue that Robinson is a psychopath because of the recurring theme of his criminal behavior. He was on parole. This criminal offender demonstrated total disregard toward human life and lacking a moral arm since this also occurred on Church property.Psychodrama Theory suggests that his psychopathology' reflects a lack of conscience and disregard toward helpless females since he did assault Davit's spouse. It would appear that Robinson was a delinquent, (records sealed,) and was placed on parole after a life Of youthful criminal behavior if not delinquent behavior. Another example of a criminal visualization is the national and sensational criminal case of the serial killer from the State of Indiana, Adrian Eden Van.This week Van pleaded not guilty though he confessed earlier to investigators killing prostitutes and disposing their lifeless bodies in abandon, run down houses in Gary, Indiana. Reportedly he admitted to the brutal murders of seven women. Many more women may have been sealed by Van. He is a former Marine who has a history of sexual assaults, victimizing women in the State of Texas and the State of Indiana. Investigators suspect many other jurisdictions ND municipalities are looking into their unsolved murder cases. Complex as these serial sexual homicides appear, investigations are at this time incomplete.State Police in Indiana and the Texas Rangers are sharing forensic data and trace evidence. In addition due to Van's comments about visiting the dead bodies of the women who were abandon in unoccupied houses, Federal Investigators are directing resources to assist local, county and State law enforcement to complete what wil l be an extremely lengthy and exhaustive criminal investigation. Adrian Eden Van was married sixteen years and had a biological son, (NBC News, 2014). Both spouse and son were never victimized by Van's penchant for violent, sadistic sexual behavior.Law enforcement officials from various jurisdictions are attempting to piece together Van's elusive past and apparent psychopathology history of disdain toward women, especially prostitutes and the disadvantaged. Perhaps no other case of extreme visualization in recent years parallels that of the brutal assault and battery of a young couple on the River Front, at Augusta, Georgia. The beatings were so severe that Kevin D. Richardson was charged with two counts of attempted murder. Robbery Moses, 21 and Kevin D. Richardson attacked two young people sitting on a bench on the River Walk near Fort Discovery, Augusta, Georgia.Richardson uses a metal baseball bat. Moss, his accomplice assisted without provocation. Both defendants, although sepa rated after the cruel behavior of visualization, were caught. Moss was apprehended in Newbury, SC. Richardson caught much later and appeared to have a criminal history. Richardson was reportedly involved in another assault in Downtown August the previous evening. The beating was so severe that Wesley Spires requires months of hospitalizing. He received broken hand and facial fractures requiring reconstructive surgery.Local business provided a ten thousand dollars reward for information and for the apprehension of these criminal suspects. River Walk Augusta at the Fort Discovery landing is a rather secluded poorly lit area on a sparsely travel or visited walkway on the Savannah River during evening hours. Police patrols are more recurring at the upper area on the River Front. Sergeant Evans' noted Problem Oriented Policing attempts to react proactively. Considering this brutal criminal behavior, proper lighting and cameras may have been an effective deterrent.Strategic location of ca meras along the River Front Augusta, Georgia, advertising camera locations and monitoring devices, as well as signage indicating routine police patrols may have abated, if not eliminated this criminal element, and social deviates from downtown Augusta, Georgia. This senseless criminal act of assault and battery with intent to cause serious injury indicates that criminals are impulsive and adept at finding opportunity preying on weak and at times the infirm. Curfews or area closings would be entirely appropriate within this area on the River Front t the Savannah Rivers edge.

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essays

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essays A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essay A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essay Essay Topic: 6th Grade 7th Grade There are 100s if non 1000s of pupils in any given school. The sheer size and magnitude of the pupil population encompassed in these schools leads to complications of school safety. Zero tolerance is a policy which was brought about implementing school safety more steadfastly, and aimed to better protect pupils. However, the manner in which these pupils are protected is extremely problematic, doing the zero tolerance political orientation really controversial. Precisely which attack is most effectual in protecting a pupil, allow entirely, 1000s? Is strictness more effectual than lenience? Excessively rigorous policies aim to protect the bulk, nevertheless, independently punish those who have to cover with the wrath of nothing tolerance, those who violate the regulations. Excessively indulgent policies can take to awful events, nevertheless, give pupils a sense of ground, in bend making an apprehension of what they have done incorrect. In the long tally which method is most effectual in protecting pupils? These type of inquiries, along with the extra sum of questionable instances, compose a extremely controversial subject. The well being of a pupil is the individual most of import factor for public schools. No parent would of all time direct their kid to school if there was a high chance of force. For this ground there are people who favor zero tolerance. Domoine D. Rutledge, general advocate for the East Baton Rouge Parish School System in Louisiana, reports that zero tolerance policies have aided in making a civilization interior schools that certain things will non be tolerated, period. However, whether or non that policy is effectual relies on how reasonably it s enforced and how systematically it s enforced. He continues stating that: Schools territories have had to truly equilibrate the involvement of the whole school, the pupil organic structure, instructors and module. . . every bit good as the rights of single bad histrions. The ability to strike that balance, and to make it reasonably, more than likely influences the effectivity of the zero-tolerance policies. Whether or non zero tolerance is effectual brings about more argumentative stuff. Statistical informations studies a important bead in school homicides following the 1999 school hiting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado strongly proposing, as Rutledge advocators, nothing tolerance has in fact led to safer schools for pupils. ( nces.ed.gov ) Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, stated that, The apprehension of a brace of New Jersey 8-year-olds for indicating paper guns at schoolmates was merely the sort of episode that leads people to oppugn zero-tolerance policies. ( Bill itteri ) Statements such as those insinuate a footing of anti-zero tolerance and farther complicate the contention. However it must be noted that, It s non so easy to separate the cut-up from the wild-eyed stripling with a [ lethal ] program when lives are at interest, Hymowitz says. ( Billitteri ) How is one supposed to cognize the purposes of a giving state of affairs? While the general consensus will no doubtingly hold that a brace of 8-year-olds pose small to no menace, on the little opportunity of an event occurring, the inquiries of why were nt they stopped or how could you presume will undeniably be asked, and in this sense, it is without a uncertainty better to presume the ugly and stop up being incorrect, than to presume no injury and stop up with fatal effects . Hymowitz continues, saying that, Zero tolerance may be more symptom than remedy for the uneasy disciplinary clime of our schools. Certainly it s no concluding reply to out-of-control 5-year-olds or revenge- crazed adolescents. But as the menaces continue and the bombs and guns appear, it s all we ve got. ( Billitteri ) Bringing back the subject of effectivity, those with the get-tough attitude informant no cogent evidence of zero tolerance policies making a safer environment in schools. In fact, a decennary of research on such policies by the American Psychological Association have concluded that zero tolerance can really increase bad behaviour and besides lead to higher dropout rates. Schools are non any safer or more effectual in training kids than before these zero-tolerance policies were implemented, the association said. ( APA ) There is much argument environing zero tolerance, nevertheless, the existent jobs arise when nothing tolerance is set in gesture. The inquiry at manus to those who oppose zero tolerance falls into the legitimacy and equity of penalty. In Newark, Delaware a 6 twelvemonth old male child took a encampment utensil which can be used as a knife, fork and spoon to school. Naturally anyone can safely presume there is no injury, nevertheless, Zachary Christie received 45 yearss in the territory s reform school. ( Urbina ) In this instance, the well being of the pupils environing Christie is thrown out of the window and it comes down to its consistence in being enforced. The male child clearly had no purpose in doing injury, nevertheless, was treated as if he was. The lone ground he was apprehended as a felon was to put an illustration. Those who think to convey anything similar to school, be it a fork, a knife, or gun, will believe back to Christie and decided non to. While this incident might look like one of a sort, unluckily, it is far from that. Zachary Christie is non entirely, there are smatterings of instances wh ich bring approximately much contention over zero tolerance. During October of 1999 in Atlanta, Georgia a 15 twelvemonth old South Cobb High School sophomore brought an unloaded gun to school. When school functionaries found the gun in his back pack he was instantly and for good expelled from the school territory. ( Skiba 3 ) A 6th grader at Whitman Middle School in Seattle, Washington brought a pip-squeak gun, painted black and brown to school during September of 1999. He was expelled after the gun fell out of his book bag during tiffin. ( Skiba 4 ) David Silverstein, a 7th grader in Glendale, Arizona, motivated by the movie October Sky, brought a homemade projectile to school made out of a murphy bit case shot. Considered a arm, school functionaries suspended him upon reaching. ( Skiba 4 ) During May of 1999 in Pensacola, Florida a sophomore received a 10 twenty-four hours suspension and was threatened with ejection after lending her nail limiters to a friend temporarily. Quoted f rom the principal, Life goes on. You learn from your errors. We are urging ejection. ( Skiba 4 ) On the forenoon of a late June twenty-four hours in 1998 two high school seniors in Pinellas County, Florida arrived to school and were instantly expelled. School functionaries were tipped off that the male childs had skipped school and smoked marihuanas with some friends. A federal entreaties tribunal ruled against the territory, saying that the school had non even a shred of grounds that the two male childs were under the influence at school. ( Skiba 5 ) In February of 1999 in Ewing, New Jersey a fresher was accused of taking drugs and was asked to see the school nurse to look into his pulsation and blood force per unit area. His leery behaviour which forced this drug screen upon him was because he dozed off in his societal surveies category. The chief instantly suspended him after he refused to subject to a drug trial. Finally the male child was forced into taking a drug trial as the rule declined to readmit him until he had done so. ( Skiba 5 ) A sophomore at Westlake High School in February of 1999 was suspended for two full school hebdomads after he announced his Gallic instructor was non fluid in the linguistic communication during the school s forenoon proclamations. School functionaries considered the remark as a verbal onslaught against the instructor in an effort to warrant their actions. ( Skiba 6 ) These instances do nil but illustrate the negative facets of zero tolerance. However, one can see the statement for nothing tolerance as any farther actions were eliminated before they could happen. Even though, at what point are schools directing the incorrect message, and finally, when will this incorrect message be more damaging to pupils? Another subject of treatment is the message nothing tolerance sends to the pupils. Should the penalty fit the offense? Those in favour of zero tolerance tend to believe the lone manner to clear up right from incorrect is to purely implement school policies, and systematically implement them. While this without a uncertainty protects the pupils from possible menaces, at the same clip one can oppugn whether or non this besides sends a negative message. Punishing a pupil for a junior-grade error with sedate effects instills fear among the pupil population and scares them into conformance. This is non a message pupils should be having. Treating those like Zachary Christie, to utilize as an illustration, can negatively impact their mental wellness. It s much more hard for Christie to state right from incorrect, and in his head, he has non done anything incorrect, yet still received penalty. To Christie he got punished for nil, which will impact his psychological well-being unconstructivel y. How will he larn from his error and how will he look at other things in life now that he has been independently punished for such a little and guiltless act? He is 6 old ages old, he does non necessitate to travel through this. Another negative facet of nothing tolerance is that it hinders instruction. Students unnecessarily miss school to function their penalty which besides leads to future jobs. Julia Steiny, a former member of the Providence School Board, reported that a child [ pupil ] who s been suspended is statistically at high hazard of dropping out of school. ( Steiny ) Supporting zero tolerance, Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, wrote that It s non so easy to separate the cut-up from the wild-eyed stripling with a [ lethal ] program when lives are at interest. ( Billitteri ) To school functionaries, the premise of swearing a pupil who has made a error, or is jesting about, is a much greater hazar d. One can non truly cognize the purposes of a given state of affairs, merely can one presume what is traveling on. To those who are pro-zero tolerance, safety comes foremost, no affair how complete. Zero tolerance is a really challenging subject merely because of the complexness behind it. Those in favour brand improbably obliging and persuasive statements. However on the impudent side, those who are against it do merely as valid statements. I believe there is excessively much information out at that place to be able to claim being on one utmost terminal of the spectrum, whether it s for or against zero tolerance. While to some extent zero tolerance is effectual, after traveling through the plethora sum of research, I finally believe zero tolerance is a hinderance and a negative facet on school safety. Not ended, but rethought I believe zero tolerance demands to travel through. While the nucleus thought behind it, safety for every pupil, sounds great on paper, in pattern, it has evidently failed. While there are non many, there are still several instances where little Acts of the Apostless have led to obscene penalties, wholly blown out of proportion. Another negative facet of n othing tolerance is that it sends the incorrect message to pupils. For these grounds, zero tolerance demands to stop in public schools, and needs to be rethought. Plants Cited American Psychological Association. Zero Tolerance Policies Are Not Equally Effective As Thought In Reducing Violence and Promoting Learning In School. APA Press Release. 9 Aug. 2006. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; www.apa.org/releases/zerotolerance.html gt ; . Billitteri, Thomas J. Discipline in Schools. CQ Press Electronic Library. 15 Feb. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php? id=cqresrre2008021500 gt ; . Hymowitz, Kay S. Zero Tolerance Is Schools First Line of Defense. Manhattan Institute. Newsday, 18 Apr. 2001. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; www.manhattan-institute.org gt ; . Indexs of School Crime and Safety: 2007 Executive Summary. National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) Home Page, a portion of the U.S. Department of Education. Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ gt ; . Steiny, Julia. Julia Steiny: Zero-tolerance policies in schools need to stop. Rhode Island, Providence, intelligence, athleticss, amusement, ads | The Providence Journal. 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.projo.com/opinion/columnists/content/edwatch_0531_05-31-09_HOEGMRG_v7.29f5eaa.html gt ; . Trump, Ken. Zero Tolerance and School Safety. School Safety and School Security Experts: National School Safety and Security Services. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.schoolsecurity.org/trends/zero_tolerance.html gt ; . Skiba, Russell J. Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. Indiana University: Indiana Education Policy Center, 2009. Urbina, Ian. It s a Fork, It s a Spoon, It s a Weapon? The New York Times Interrupting News, World News A ; Multimedia. 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/education/12discipline.html gt ; .

Future Forms for English Learners

Future Forms for English Learners There are a number of future forms in English, just as there are different forms for the past and present. Lets take a look at examples of the four different forms: Simple Future, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, and Future Perfect Continuous used to speak in English about the future. Peter will be at work tomorrow. - Future SimpleShes going to travel to Hong Kong next month.- Future with Going toJennifer will have finished the report by ten tomorrow. - Future PerfectDoug will be enjoying a good book at this time next week.- Future ContinuousI will have been working for six hours by the time I finish this. - Future Perfect Continuous The following article takes a look at each of these forms, as well as some variations in future tense usage with clear examples to help explain the use of each. Listed below are examples, uses, and formation of Future Forms. Uses of the Future With Will The future with will is used for a number of situations: 1. Used for Predictions It will snow tomorrow.She wont win the election. 2. Used for Scheduled Events The concert will begin at 8 oclock.When will the train leave? Used for scheduled events 3. Used for Promises Will you marry me?Ill help you with your homework after class 4. Used for Offers Ill make you a sandwich.Theyll help you if you want. 5.  Used  in Combination with Time Clauses  (as soon as, when, before, after) He will telephone as soon as he arrives.Will you visit me when you come next week? Uses of the Future With Going To 1. Used for Plans   The future with going to is used to express planned events or intentions. These events or intentions are decided on  before  the moment of speaking. Frank is going to study Medicine.Where are they going to stay when they come?She isnt going to buy the new house afterall. Note: Going to or -ing are often both correct for planed events. Going to should be used for distant future intentions (example: Hes going to study Law) 2. Used for Future Predictions Based on Physical Evidence. Oh no! Look at those clouds. Its going to rain.Be careful! Youre going to drop those dishes! Use of Future Continuous Use the future continuous to speak about what will be happening at a specific time in the future. She will be sleeping at 11:30.Tom will be having a good time this time tomorrow. Use of Future Perfect Use the future perfect to speak about what will have been finished by a time in the future. I will have finished the book by tomorrow.Angela will have fond a new job by the end of the year. Use of the Future Perfect Continuous Use the future perfect continuous to speak about how long something will have been happening up to a point of time in the future. They will have been studying for five hours by six oclock.Mary will have been playing golf for five hours by the time she finishes. Uses of Present Continuous for the Future Its also possible to use the present continuous for planned or personally scheduled events. Usually used with principle verbs such as: come, go, begin, start, finish, have, etc. Note: Going to or -ing are often both correct for planned events. Going to should be used for distant future intentions (example: Hes going to study Law) Hes coming tomorrow afternoon.What are we having for dinner?Im not seeing the doctor until Friday. Common future time expressions include: next (week, month, year), tomorrow, in Xs time (amount of time, i.e. two weeks time), in year, time clauses (when, as soon as, before, after) simple present (example: I will telephone as soon as I arrive) soon, later.

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher Assignment

Justice Blackburns rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher - Assignment Example A few days after the completion of the reservoir, water from the same flooded into Person Y’s land despite there being no unusual rainfall or flooding. The case went through various stages of the court system and ended up before the Court of Appeal, being the Exchequer Chamber of six judges, in 1866. There Justice Colin Blackburn stated the following which has now come to be referred to as â€Å"Justice Blackburn’s rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher†. "The true rule of law is, that the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes, must keep it at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the Plaintiff’s default; or perhaps, that the escape was the consequence of vis major or the act of God; but as nothing of this sort exists here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient." It should be noted that Justice Blackburn’s rule was accepted with a slight modification by the House of Lords. The House of Lords imposed a restriction on the rule by stating that it is applicable to "nonnatural" use of the defendants land, as distinguished from "any purpose for which it might in the ordinary course of the enjoyment of land be used." A creditor can institute an action in the county court for the amount due to him by the debtor. If the amount is paid the debtor can avoid the judgment being given against him. A claim form is sent by the creditor to the debtor stating the claim that he has against him. If the debtor pays the debt in full along with interest and court fees, a CCJ is not issued and a court hearing avoided. On the other hand, if he wishes to pay later or in installments the debtor should fill in the form stating how he wishes to pay the debt – a CCJ will, however, be issued in this instance.

Devolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Devolution - Essay Example Regional or local governments who get the power of home rule may also get some legal powers to have their own legislative framework and legal rules which they can apply to their region exclusively. In the United Kingdom, a case of devolution in seen in the 1997 referenda in Wales and Scotland when a devolved or regional government was created and this was followed by the establishment of Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Assembly and Greater London Assembly in 1999 (see O'Neill 2004; Trench 2004). The proposals for a devolved state in Wales and Scotland were made in 1979 although the actual implementation of such a proposal could only be made two decades later. However there have been no devolved governments or devolution within England as the Labour government faced defeat in their proposals for a devolved regional government in North East England in 2004. Since then there have been no successful plans of devolution or formation of local and regional governments within England and all are failed plans. Apart from Wales and Scotland, there has been a system of home rule in the US as District of Columbia represents a regional and devolved government and is under the sole control of the United States Congress and the district government was created by statute. ... Fothergill discusses three government reports to argue that the new directions set by the Labour government do not take account of the accumulated knowledge or even the long history and background of the UK regional policy, Thus the regional policies which are already existing have serious lessons to impart which the new approach of Labour government seems to be overlooking or ignoring. The paper further states that, 'The new approach (of Labour) also prioritizes the devolution of decision-making over positive discrimination from the centre in favour of less prosperous areas'. Thus devolution has become not just a means of constitutional settlement but a dynamic process of change with possible uncertain consequences. In the later part of the analysis we will consider the process of devolution using case studies, examples and research reports. Implications of Devolution Even following devolution, there are many issues and concerns that are applicable to devolved governments. Elliott et al (2005) write that public sector pay is of critical concerns to governments of Westminster and Edinburgh. Public sector pay accounts for the major part of the government's expenditure and when not controlled by the central government, may have to be controlled according to budget in case of regional or devolved governments. The quality and range of services provided by the public sector is largely dependent on this pay controlled by the government. Within the UK, there is a national rate of pay that may not be sensitive to labour market conditions. However many recent changes have been made and consequently in Scotland there have been pay scale revisions and "public sector